The President also appoints the heads of more than 50 independent federal commissions, such as the Federal Reserve Board or the Securities and Exchange Commission, as well as federal judges, ambassadors, and other federal offices. They are joined in this by other executive agencies such as the CIA and Environmental Protection Agency, the heads of which are not part of the Cabinet, but who are under the full authority of the President. Fifteen executive departments - each led by an appointed member of the President’s Cabinet - carry out the day-to-day administration of the federal government. Under Article II of the Constitution, the President is responsible for the execution and enforcement of the laws created by Congress. The President is both the head of state and head of government of the United States of America, and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. Including members of the armed forces, the Executive Branch employs more than 4 million Americans. These departments and agencies have missions and responsibilities as widely divergent as those of the Department of Defense and the Environmental Protection Agency, the Social Security Administration and the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Cabinet and independent federal agencies are responsible for the day-to-day enforcement and administration of federal laws. The Vice President is also part of the Executive Branch, ready to assume the Presidency should the need arise. The President is responsible for implementing and enforcing the laws written by Congress and, to that end, appoints the heads of the federal agencies, including the Cabinet. The power of the Executive Branch is vested in the President of the United States, who also acts as head of state and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. Get Involved Show submenu for “Get Involved””.The White House Show submenu for “The White House””.Office of the United States Trade Representative.Office of Science and Technology Policy.Executive Offices Show submenu for “Executive Offices””.Administration Show submenu for “Administration””. A nation's head of state usually holds the nominal position of commander-in-chief, even if effective executive power is held by a separate head of government. In its modern usage, the term was first used by King Charles I of England in 1639. Imperatores of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire possessed imperium powers. The role of commander-in-chief derives from the Latin, imperator. Often, a given country's commander-in-chief need not be or have been a commissioned officer or even a veteran following the principle of civilian control of the military. As a practical term it refers to the military competencies that reside in a nation-state's executive leadership either a head of state, a head of government, a minister of defence, a national cabinet or some other collegial body. In the latter case, the force element may be defined as those forces within a particular region or those forces which are associated by function. Commander-in-chief A commander-in-chief is the person or body exercising supreme operational command and control of a nation's military forces or significant elements of those forces.
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